William Butler Yeats Essay -- essays research papers

William Butler Yeats. William Butler Yeats was the significant figure in the social upset which created from the solid nationalistic development toward the finish of the nineteenth century. He ruled the works of an age. He built up structures and subjects which came to be considered as the standards for scholars of his age. Yeats was a confession booth writer - in other words, that he composed his verse legitimately from his own encounters. He was an optimist, with a reason. This was to make Art for his own kin - the Irish. Be that as it may, in this manner, he encountered significant dissatisfaction and bafflement. The pressure between this perfect, and the fact of the matter is the premise of quite a bit of his composition. One focal subject of his previous verse is the differentiation between the points he, and others, for example, Lady Gregory, had for their development, and the truth. He had would have liked to give an option in contrast to patriotism fuelled mostly by disdain for Britain, through the resurrection and recovery of an old Irish culture, in view of fantasy and legend. Rather, he found that the reaction of the recently developing Irish Catholic white collar class to their work, changed among detachment and shock. From one perspective, their lack of interest was shown by their refusal t o finance a display for the Hugh Lane assortment of Art, and then again, they revolted in shock at Synge's Playboy of the Western World. The strain between Yeats' optimal, and the fact of the matter is created in the Fisherman and September 1913. Both these sonnets manage Yeats endeavors to carry Art to the individuals of Ireland, and the negative reaction of Irish society. September 1913. Here, Yeats coordinates his enthusiastic fierceness against the Irish Catholic white collar class. He sees them as Philistines, whose qualities are fiscal and strict, not aesthetic. His contempt for their negligible cash grubbing - dry the marrow from the bone what's more, their tight narrow minded devotion Supplication to shuddering petition is set as opposed to his deference for the legends of old. However they were of an alternate kind. These nationalists had adored Ireland with an energy which expended them, and for which no penance was excessively incredible. For whom the executioner's rope was spun. In any case, the present materialistic age has a bad situation for such men of mental fortitude and vision. Their age is past. It's With O'Leary in the grave. Altruism and nationalism are dead. Thusly, he excuses the Ireland of his day with ... ...Daze Man took the bread' were 'Heart secrets' - that is, having their roots in human feelings, he relinquished the man to the craftsman: 'Players and painted stage took all my affection, What's more, not those things that they were insignias of". The delight of creation progressively assimilated him, not the living of life. Character detached by a deed To fascinate the present and rule memory. These pictures were 'mind blowing' - under the Ringmaster's control. What's more, they 'developed in unadulterated brain' - progressively they were the result of his keenness, not his feelings. Be that as it may, presently they have gone - they've abandoned him, or maybe he has abandoned them, seeing them in the entirety of their imitation. So he is left with no alternative however to come back to what he has stayed away from - the universe of believing, of feeling. His stepping stool out of that tangled universe of human feeling, has gone. He's left at the base of the stepping stool, with his feet on the ground. He utilizes the ground-breaking illustration of litter - 'old pots, old bones, old clothes' to recommend the offensiveness of human inclination. Be that as it may, he should go up against the truth of life and living finally - he should come back to the wellspring of all craftsmanship, the universe of human feeling 'The foul cloth and boneshop of the heart'.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers

     As a great many people on this planet know, World War II has been over for over 50 years. The goals of Hitler, a man needing to take out all Jews and minorities, are sees that can be addressed. The vast majority experience issues tolerating disappointment, and when disappointment emerges individuals look somewhere else to accuse another person for their weaknesses. In the public arena these individuals are called substitutes. The inquiry that rings a bell is Who was Hitler and what were his musings?      Most noticeable pioneers that can be thought of as extraordinary despots were very compelling. Julius Caesar and Napoleon both rose up during disturbing occasions of their nation. They did this by doing battle and winning, they would assume control over a nation, set up a legislature, and afterward proceed onward. Hitler was the specific inverse, he was a brute who governed by striking apprehension into individuals. â€Å"They see me as an uneducated brute. Truly, we are savages! We need to be brutes! It is a noteworthy title.† (Rauschning, Hermann. The Voice of Destruction New York, 1940, p.80) The legislature that Hitler proposed had no genuine law. The individuals were to follow what they were told by the individuals who were positioned above them, in this manner continually driving back to Hitler. Hitler instructed youngsters to keep an eye on their folks, and afterward report their off-base doings. He needed individuals to detest their neighbors. He needed those individuals of various, and so far as that is concerned â€Å"wrong† religions, ideological group, or potentially race to be disposed of. A great deal of when individuals see history books and see a pioneer, for example, Hitler they may believe that it was quite a while prior, or that individuals were not excessively shrewd. Hitler rose to control in when individuals were educated, a greater part of individuals were genuinely savvy, and none the less it was a negligible 50 years prior.      As a great many people over the globe will concur Hitler had unattractive political perspectives. He lectured that before a legislature can arrive at a triumph or an upbeat state it should initially experience a change. This is the reason the nazi development was essential. Hitler lectured promulgation, the data that today would be found in The National Enquire. What he lectured was what individuals needed to hear, it was a simple course out of the entirety of their difficulties. He had the option to hand-off his message over the individuals in Germany and draw in excess of 33% of a vote in a free challenged political race.

Overnight Program

Overnight Program First things first: there was another home football game today at which I cheered and Sam trumpeted and, due to a malicious ball of burning gas 93 million miles away, I am now burned to a bright red crisp. On one side of my body. Given that this is New England (42o north latitude) in late September, and that I was outside from 2PM-5PM, Im pretty sure its physically impossible for anyone but me to get a sunburn. And yet, sunburn I did. Anyway. This entry is a PSA for the Overnight Program, in which you, the prospective, get to experience MIT life minus the hard work. And we, the MIT students, get to show off our lives to a willing audience. (Once youve been at MIT for a while, there are only so many non-MIT people who are still interested in the minutiae of your MIT life. My grandmother, for instance, would much rather hear about that nice boy Im going to marry than 7.31. Prospectives, thankfully, are not quite so boring.) Some things you might want to do on a visit to MIT include Take a campus tour (duh). Wander around the Infinite Corridor. Maybe youll get to see MIThenge. Eat in the Student Center. Id personally advise Annas Taqueria or Alpine Bagel over Lobdell Food Court but maybe youll feel differently. (When I was a prospective, I ate at Lobdell because it was the only place I could remember the tour guide saying there was food. And I still decided to come here. So the food must not be that bad.) Sit in Killian Court and enjoy the sunshine (hopefully). Attend some classes! Going on a college visit without sitting in on some classes is like going to a world-renowned restaurant and using the bathroom. Classes given this term can be found here; it might be best to sit in on freshman-level classes like 18.01/18.02, 5.111/2, 3.091, or 8.01. Stay up late with your host (who is probably a lot more nocturnal than you are when I came on my visit, I promptly fell asleep at midnight. My host stayed up until 4 AM working on an 8.022 pset, and thought it was hilarious that her prefrosh had conked out in what was to her mid-afternoon). See what life is really like here. Meet people. Check out the dorms. Ive been advised by Ben that pictures of my shirtless boyfriend in this entry might be a good way to lure people to sign up for overnights so, girls, come on an overnight so you can stay with me and stare at my boyfriend! (Guys are welcome to come stay with my boyfriend and stare at him too were both hosting.) To sign up for an overnight, log into MyMIT, then click on the Overnight Program link in the left column. Super fun for everyone! Edit (because Nehalita asked some stuff that I really should have covered!): After you request the date you want to stay, youre matched up with a host by your/the hosts interests and perhaps a few dimensions of personality (the hosts fill out info about themselves, and you fill out info about yourself its like eHarmony.com!). Eventually, a suitable host is found, and you are given each others contact information so you can chat about getting to campus and other logistical stuff, like what to bring for bedtime (if you stay with me, for example, you only need to bring a pillow, since I have a couch you can sleep on. But depending on where your host lives, you could be staying on a spare mattress in a lounge or something, and might need to bring a sleeping bag). Your host will probably also advise you about how much spending money you should bring for meals, and perhaps the best way to get to campus; when I was a prospective, I was flying alone into Logan airport, and my host realized that I was very scared of being in the city by myself and told me to take a taxi rather than the subway. Good choice. When I came here on my college visit, I had already been accepted. I came by myself, because flights from Ohio to Boston are godawful expensive, and stayed at Random with my host, Molly 05. I ate lunch at Lobdell (noted above), attended 8.022 (Physics EM for masochists) and 7.013 (Intro Biology), and took the campus tour. But what I really remember are the conversations I had with people I talked with the Random president, who was course 9, about what course 9 was all about; I talked with a lot (it seemed to me all, but probably not) of Random residents about MIT life; I talked with a bunch of ESG kids about choosing MIT over a full ride to state school. I guess my 24-hour visit to MIT was really what made me feel comfortable coming here. Before my visit, MIT was this very frightening, brilliant, prestigious place in my mind after my visit, it was somewhere I felt comfortable. Suddenly, I was in this place where there were lots of other smart kids, and they were all nice and reassuring to a very scared prefrosh, and I knew that MIT was where I wanted to be. (Cue schmaltzy music, I suppose although I really am feeling very goopy and nostalgic over this right now.)

The Difference Between Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive properties and extensive properties are types of physical properties of matter. The terms intensive and extensive were first described by physical chemist and physicist Richard C. Tolman in 1917. Heres a look at what intensive and extensive properties are, examples of them, and how to tell them apart. Key Takeaways: Intensive vs Extensive Properties The two types of physical properties of matter are intensive properties and extensive properties.Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter. Examples include density, state of matter, and temperature.Extensive properties do depend on sample size. Examples include volume, mass, and size. Intensive Properties Intensive properties are bulk properties, which means they do not depend on the amount of matter that is present. Examples of intensive properties include: Boiling PointDensityState of MatterColorMelting PointOdorTemperatureRefractive IndexLusterHardnessDuctilityMalleability Intensive properties can be used to help identify a sample because these characteristics do not depend on the amount of sample, nor do they change according to conditions. Extensive Properties Extensive properties do depend on the amount of matter that is present. An extensive property is considered additive for subsystems. Examples of extensive properties include: VolumeMassSizeWeightLength The ratio between two extensive properties is an intensive property. For example, mass and volume are extensive properties, but their ratio (density) is an intensive property of matter. While extensive properties are great for describing a sample, they arent very helpful in identifying it because they can change according to sample size or conditions. Way to Tell Intensive and Extensive Properties Apart One easy way to tell whether a physical property is intensive or extensive is to take two identical samples of a substance and put them together. If this doubles the property (e.g., twice the mass, twice as long), its an extensive property. If the property is unchanged by altering the sample size, its an intensive property.

100% Free Essay Examples - College Papers Online

Stopping Injustice Free Essays

In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. claims â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†. This statement is accurate because unfairness or wrongness done to one person or a group of people directly, affects all indirectly. We will write a custom essay sample on Stopping Injustice or any similar topic only for you Order Now In World War 2 Adolph Hitler wanted to clear Germany of all Jews and turn Germany into a communist country. The injustice that was happening in Germany was spreading across Europe. Eventually other countries like Italy and Russia were under the influence of communism. This injustice was spreading across Europe . The United States found this to be unjust and had to interfere because they found this to be a threat to them. If there is injustice anywhere, there is an immense possibility of it spreading, thus affecting everyone and everywhere. Another example of this is the Gulf war. This war was between Iraq and an alliance organized by a number of countries. Iraq tried to take over a piece of Persia because of its rich oil supply. The United States sent a lot of support to Persia. Even though the US didn’t have anything to do with Persia but, they took the first step to defending Persia from Iraq. They believed that a country’s borders should be respected and felt that if they did not get involved in stopping Iraq from invading Persia, and allowed this injustice to happen in Persia, the rest of the world might soon follow taking over other countries by force. So Iraq’s injustice to Persia was a threat to justice everywhere else in the world. A further example would be bullying in school. Bullying would be seen as injustice that goes on in schools. In the 4th grade, a teacher did not punish a student for hitting and making fun of another student. The teacher should have stopped this injustice but because this student went free, other students started to bully the same student that had been bullied before and eventually bullying had spread across the school. In this case, injustice was not stopped in one classroom and eventually spread across the whole school. In these examples injustice was seen as a threat to others and was stopped, but when it wasn’t injustice spread and affected justice. These instances prove that Martin Luther King Jr. s quote is accurate. How to cite Stopping Injustice, Essay examples

Total Quality Management and Fast Food free essay sample

Second part is a review of Total Quality Management literatures. Every aspect of the company connected with TQM shall be discussed. Third part is purely company condition where TQM program put into action. Fourth part consists of chapter four of final result of this thesis; from analyzing some points that affected company performance in delivering service. Fifth part is the philosophy of the three gurus presented in gaining more understanding with TQM, and some questionnaires that the researchers used to research situation in the working place where the main object is drawn on ‘service quality’. Seeing TQM as a fashion always adopts changing situation in world globalization and company structure, is a very good reason as a tool, which the company can use for making quality in meeting customers’ expectations. Background of the Study Restaurants are in the business of serving food to their customers. In other words, they are providing a product and a service. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management and Fast Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The quality of the food and service is defined as meeting or exceeding the expectations of the customer as if. This will also help them to equip with knowledge, experience, skills and abilities in this field. 2. Community This study will benefit the community in terms of knowing the importance of total quality management. 3. Government This study will benefit the government as this will give insight in providing programs that will help schools implement better teaching techniques that will teach HRM students about total quality management. . This will also help the government to lay the foundation for the innovation, economic growth, and social improvement of the quality of life that Filipinos have come to expect. And it promote amp; recommend national innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards (particularly ISO), quality concepts, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and stability, and improve the quality of life. C. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study will cover all about the perception of respondents on the application of total quality management in terms of services of selected fast food chain in Market-Market Ayala Malls namely: Tokyo-Tokyo, Goldilocks and Mc Donald’s. This study is limited to 100 respondents who are employees and staff of the five selected fast food chains, ages 19-40 years old. D. Hypothesis or Assumption The null hypothesis tested is: H1 There is no significant relationship between the age of respondents and the study about total quality management. H2 There is no significant relationship between the gender of respondents and the study about total quality management. H3 There is no significant relationship between the civil status of respondents and the study about total quality management. The above concept of total quality management is also reinforced in other studies. In their study on TQM in the Hospitality Industry, Saunders and Graham (2008) the concept has achieved a great deal of success in the hospitality industry. Total Quality Management (TQM) is however sometimes difficult to implement in hospitality industry owing to the difficult in identifying some of the most appropriate quality measures. This study identified the need to use the quality triangle in hospitality industry including focus on customers, teamwork approach to unify goals and use of scientific approach in decision making. Through comparing TQM in manufacturing and hospitality industry, the study gives important review on how hospitality industry can use the TQM concept to improve their services. This study is important since it shows how organization in the hospitality industry can actually use TQM concept to enhance quality in their products and services. It is important to understand that TQM is wholesome approach which doesn’t only look at one aspect of quality management but concentrate on quality in all aspects. HACCP is one of the most important aspects in TQM that efines quality. HACCP defines the important points at which quality should be ensured. Through understanding the important points in the process of food production or offering of service where quality can be enhanced, it become easier to enhance quality. In her study on HACCP for the hospitality industry: History in the making, Eunice (2008) notes that while HACCP is an important factor in quality enhancement process which has been used in large food manufacturers, it has been slowly employed in the small business especially in the hospitality industry.

How dose Hitchcock present duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho Essay Example

How dose Hitchcock present duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho Paper Hitchcock presents duality and the complexity of the human nature by using contrast in the film. The main kinds of contrast shown in the film are black and white, light and shadow, and the fight between good and evil. In the film see that there are two sides to peoples personalitys, hitchhike often shows this by using mirror images. Psycho was made in the 1960s. At this point of time colour was in wide use, however, Hitchcock decided to make the film in black and white, his reasons, the films too scary! However, filming the film in black and white added to the effect of duality, such as light shadow, mirror images and life and death. Hitchcock portrays good and bad in people by using black and white, light and shadow and mirror images. For example, in the first scene Marion is in a hotel with her lover Sam, she is dressed in white this gave us, the audience the impression that Marion was innocent. This is because white is often associated with something clean or pure however, when she turns from good to bad we see her dressed in black. Hitchcock often presents duality by using mirror images, we often see a mirror image of a person when a different made up side to a person is being portrayed, and when a character is trying to cover up their true identity and become someone else. For example, when Marion checks in at the Battes Motel, she gives a false name and address at the reception, next to the desk is a mirror image of her-self. This shows the two sides to Marion, good and bad. We will write a custom essay sample on How dose Hitchcock present duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How dose Hitchcock present duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How dose Hitchcock present duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through out the film men are portrayed as more menacing than women, they are normally surrounded by sharp objects while women are surrounded by more circular objects. For example, in the pallor scene we see a one 2 one conversation between Norman and Marion. Sharp, pointed objects such as stuffed animals and pictures surround Norman, while oval shapes like an oval mirror surround Marion. Also in this scene Norman is in shade while Marion is brightly lit. These contrasts suggest that Norman is evil and that he has a dark side to him, and Marion is good. One of the main contrasts in this film is Normans split personality: himself and his mother. In the film we learnt that Norman murdered his mother and her lover, because he was jealous. He was jealous of his mothers lover, he felt that his mother was giving all her attention to her lover and not him this growing jealousy lead to the murders of his mother and her lover. This film was all about peoples past lives and secrets hunting them. For example, Marion left her hometown phoenix so she could get away from the crime that she committed. But during her journey a policeman was chasing her. Hitchcock portrays the policeman as menacing, this effect was created by the big black glasss covering the policemans eyes so we couldnt see his facial expressions, he also looked as if he was talking down to her The consequence of the decisions taken by Marion lead to her death. She chose to take the money witch lead her to run away and she chose to check in at the Battes Motel Hitchcock presents the duality and the complexity of the human nature in the film Psycho by using a number of effects such as light and shadow. I think this film was a successful thriller for its time. Hitchcock used an intelligent plot, which inspired a new generation of directors all around the world. Hitchcocks work was often described as the mystery, the madness, the suspense all wrapped up in a neat little box. I think that this is an excellent description of Hitchcocks work because he structured the film Psycho so that we wouldnt know what was going to happen next. He skilfully used music to create suspense, he done this by changing the tempo dramatically

Hesperosaurus - Facts and Figures

Hesperosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Hesperosaurus (Greek for western lizard); pronounced HESS-per-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 2-3 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, wide head with small brain; relatively blunt, oval-shaped plates on back; quadrupedal posture About Hesperosaurus Stegosaursthe spiked, plated dinosaursfirst evolved in Asia during the middle to late Jurassic period, then crossed over to North America a few million years later, where they prospered up until the cusp of the ensuing Cretaceous period. That would explain the in-between features of one of the first identified North American stegosaurs, Hesperosaurus, with its wide, round, mushroom-shaped dorsal plates and unusually short and blunt head (earlier stegosaurs from Asia possessed smaller skulls and less ornate plates, while the skull of Stegosaurus, which followed Hesperosaurus by about five million years, was much more narrow). Ironically, the near-complete skeleton of Hesperosaurus was discovered in 1985 during an excavation of its much more famous cousin. Initially, the near-complete skeleton of Hesperosaurus was interpreted as an individual, or at least a species, of Stegosaurus, but by 2001 it was classified as a separate genus. (Just to show that paleontology is not set in stone, a recent re-examination of Hesperosaurus remains led to the conclusion that Hesperosaurus was actually a Stegosaurus species after all, and the authors recommended that the closely related stegosaur genus Wuerhosaurus should also be so assigned. The verdict is still out, and for the time being, Hesperosaurus and Wuerhosaurus retain their genus status.) However you choose to classify Hesperosaurus, theres no mistaking the distinctive plates on this dinosaurs back (about a dozen roundish, short structures significantly less pointed and dramatic than the comparable plates on Stegosaurus) and its spiked tail, or thagomizer. As with Stegosaurus, we dont know for sure why Hesperosaurus evolved these features; the plates may have aided in intra-herd recognition or served some kind of signaling function (say, turning bright pink in the presence of raptors and tyrannosaurs), and the spiked tail may have been wielded in combat by males during mating season (the winners earning the right to pair with females) or used to inflict puncture marks on curious predators. Speaking of mating, once recent study of Hesperosaurus (published in 2015) speculates that this dinosaur was sexually dimorphic, the males differing anatomically from the females. Surprisingly, though, the author proposes that female Hesperosaurus possessed narrower, pointier plates than the males, whereas most of the sexual differentiation in large animals (both millions of years ago and today) favors the males of the species! To be fair, this study has not been widely accepted by the paleontology community, perhaps because its based on too few fossil specimens to be considered conclusive

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Paper Example The frames were set in a simple indoor background which was predominantly blue. Beside the two frames arranged one on top of the other was the name of the product in a vertical box bordering the whole height of page. The top of the said box the website the customer can check for additional information, SliderStyle.com was presented (Note: Due to the fact that the ad was used on 2003, the website is no longer connected to the product). In the lower part of the box, the brand name Kyocera, the model name Slider V5, and the network provider Virgin mobile were shown. The caption â€Å"do U slide?† was the main advertising line that focused on the sliding feature of the mobile phone model (Kyocera 34). The advertisement presented key elements important in a magazine advertisement such as visually appealing, targeting a specific audience, and intellectually stimulating. Analysis of the Kyocera Advertisement The study of a magazine advertisement is important to be able to determine t he different reasons and principles related to the moves undertaken by manufacturers and service providers in relation to improve the sales of products. Advertising is an important form of marketing communication to be able to make the product known to the target market (Kitchen 12). The Kyocera advertisement met the different factors pertinent to printed advertisements. One factor in a printed advertisement is the presentation. The Kyocera ad was presented in a visually attractive manner with the different elements contributing to the total impact of the ad such as the colored presentation, the male and the female model and how they look, the images in the ad, the information about the product and the different representations used. Advertising is an integration of the different principles of visual presentation and marketing techniques, thus, the term â€Å"integrated marketing communications† can be considered related to the presentation of the ad (Grove, Carlson and Dorsc h 37). Based on the work of Kitchen (2006), advertising is a synergy of multidisciplinary tools, procedures and principles (p.12). The visual effects in the advertisement aided in the successful presentation of the main impact. Specifically, this is the changes in the height of the male model as a corresponding representation of the compact and the slide-open form of the Kyocera Slider V5 mobile phone. This factor is the main selling point of the product which is versatility. Other factors contributed in attracting audience’s interest towards the advertisement. One is the visual presentation of the two almost identical frames. The upper frame was showing the male model as a short guy, the female model being taller and the mobile phone was in the compact form. The lower frame presented the male model as being taller than the female model, while the mobile phone was in its slide-open form. The two frames visually can be considered very similar to the game â€Å"spot-the-differ ence† which creates a relaxed feeling in relation to viewing the ad. The blue background added to the effect. Even the mood elucidated by the cool and relaxed male model created an impression that the product is for the audience with the same characteristics. The simplicity and the clean finish of the other frame served as the final missing element to the whole impact of the ad. Based on the study by Vanden Bergh and James (1990), â€Å"

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have Essay

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have hearing impairments. However, a fractious debate prevails c - Essay Example They believe that clinical trials have gray areas, which should be addressed before the implants are used on children. The varying viewpoints create a tug-of-war. Cochlear implants change the life of the deaf people in the mainstream society, but its gray areas in scientific research and clinical trials raise skepticism and arouse feelings the implants can destroy the deaf culture. The Cochlear Implant Debate Cochlear implants are the best solution for deafness in the current times. They are small electrical devices which in the inner ear. Cochlear implants stimulate the auditory nerves in the inner ear sending signals directly to the brain. According to James and colleagues (2005) and Papsin and Gordon (2007), cochlear implants can help children develop good language skills. They believe that implants at a young age stimulate the cochlear subsequently regaining its functions partially. In fact, cochlear implants preserve function of some ear cells. Gantz and colleagues point out ear preservation improves from 10% to 30% after cochlear implants. The deaf can live a normal life with cochlear implants. They can watch television, make calls and interact with other people freely. The self-esteem of the deaf improves remarkably allowing them to perform better in their school work and jobs. This has changed the lives of many people. Some who have made it to the university point out, they would not have made it that far without the implants (Blume, 2009). A study in an Australian school confirms children with cochlear implants improved in their school exams. They also interacted well with the other children improving their emotional and psychological wellbeing. Punch and Hyde (2011) also found out there was general acceptance of the children who got cochlear implants by other children. People who have experienced what it is to be deaf in a mainstream society appreciate Cochlear implants. Wilson and Dorman (2008) point out the deaf have major challenges communicating t o other people. They use the sign language which few people understand the meaning creating large communication barriers. Although cochlear implants improve the lives of many people, some deaf people detest them. The major school of though here is cochlear implant surgery pose major health risks. According to them, the surgery is done around sensitive body organs. Balkany and Gantz confirm cochlear implant surgery is done around major nerves, including those responsible for facial movements. Doctors performing the surgery may tough the nerves inappropriately by accident compromising their function. The face of the person would be inclined towards the side the surgery was done. In addition, the remaining good cells in the ears could be damaged leading to worse deafness or diseases (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2013). Researchers and surgeons agree cochlear implants surgery risks infectious diseases like pneumococcal meningitis. Risks are high if the patient is not immunized agai nst the pneumococcal bacteria. Children are at higher risks of getting the condition compared to adults. Surgeons are cautioned to know the history of the patient well before starting the surgery. However, surgery cannot be delayed because a patient is not immunized against the pneumococcal bacteria (Medical and Healthcare Products regulatory Agency, 2013). It is worth noting cochlear implant beneficiaries have to live a cautious life. The implants are made of metals, which can set off alarm systems, metal

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns Much of the theory surrounding terrorism states that it works as a communication strategy signalling the costs of not giving in to the coercers’ demands (Abrahms 2001). Bonnie Cordes goes against this way of thinking by saying that â€Å"although terrorism is often described as a form of communication, terrorists are rather poor communicators because the violence of terrorism is rarely understood by the public† (p.1). During the 70’s and 80’s the emergence of terrorism was used as a tool of coercion being the preferred choice in warfare in the hopes of furthering an Islamic group to being the main ruling power of a country. Many analysts have exposed terrorism as sometimes reaching the outlined goals while many others argue that terrorism depending on whether it uses guerrilla warfare or strikes on civilians, reaches no positive outcomes for the coercer. Much of the literature has focused on pre-Iraq and pre-Afghan conflicts both of which contained a lot of terrorism. We have now entered the twenty first century and at present the Middle Eastern countries are engulfed in numerous ideological and religious based wars. Different Islamic groups are fighting within their own countries to reach and end that sees their preferred religious group becoming the ruling governing party. As of this year terrorism against both civilians and military still remains the preferred tool of warfare. As terrorism has failed to wane in the present it is relevant to see whether its use has become any more positively coercive against the targeted country or state. Max Abrahms (2001) is a researcher who has delved in to terrorism data to uncover whether it is a useful tool in coercing governments to giving into groups’ demands. He first outlines two types of targeted conflicts – those that are guerrilla who take aim at military targets which are found to be the more successful at coercing governments into meeting demands. The second type is ones targeting civilians and these are less successful due to the perception that by targeting civilians the groups through their aggressive nature will be impossible to bargain and reason with. The goals the groups attempt to achieve are also indicative of future success. Maximalist goals are often not achieved whilst minimalist goals are. The aims of the group also need to be clear. Often outcomes goals are not easily understood as they are tied up in ideological or religious reasons. In this case outcomes are often not reached. Although terrorism was used frequently during the 80’s and 90’s terrorism specialists stated that the use of terrorism rarely achieved the outcome goals demanded of governments (Cordes et al., 1984 in Abrahms 2012). Abrahms (2012) finds that terrorist campaigns are an inherently unprofitable coercive tactic because governments resist complying when their civilians are the focus of substate attack. When Abrahms assessed the goals of terrorists he found two types; process goals and outcome goals. Process goals are a ploy to gain extra individuals to the group, to gain media attention, and financial support from likeminded people with attempts at hampering peace-processes and boosting morale. As we will see in examples from Iraq, their civil war is based on both types of goals. Their outcome goals are stated political goals which aim to overthrow the current Shia government and instil a caliphate leader of Sunni background. The difference between the two is the latter requires the compliance of the target government which at present is not happening under current Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki. In order to statistically test the effectiveness of terrorist campaigns Abrahms used a sample of 42 cases of terror attacks. He found that attacks carried out on civilians as done by Hamas versus ones carried out against a military such as the Tamil Tigers lead to differences in favour of the Tamil Tigers. The difference being governments tended to comply more often when attacks were not aimed at innocent people. Unlike guerrilla campaigns terrorist campaigns are seen as a losing political tactic (Abrahms 2012). He further expanded his study to include 125 campaigns carried out by 54 groups. Roughly half of the campaigns were guerrilla using their attacks on military personnel. He first looked at the Foreign Terrorist Organisations (FTO) capabilities and found certain criteria were relevant for future success. These included the peak membership size, the FTO life span; older groups had more highly developed organisational skills, whether or not the group received external support and lastly whether the group employed suicide missions as these enhanced the lethality of attacks, required additional manpower which enhances coercive effectiveness (Pare 2003, 2005). The target country’s capability was also a future predictor of a campaigns success, as a country with great capability was less susceptible to coercion (Drezner 1998, Hart 2000 in Abrahms 2012). Much of the terrorist activity used at present is within the Middle East and is being used in a civil war. In these cases the size of the objective is the key variable affecting the political outcomes of these substate campaigns (Abrahms 2006b, Pape 2003, 2005). In order for a government to make concessions to terror groups it is important they know what the objectives are. In the current literature there appears to be a general consensus on how governments rank political objectives. Campaigns found to have maximalist objectives seek to induce target governments into relinquishing their power or changing their ideology. Campaigns with limited objectives tend to not directly affect the government or its citizens fundamental way of life (Abrahms 2006b, George 1971). There is some research that finds FTO’s to be successful on certain occasions. Of the 125 campaigns Abrahms looked at, 38 successfully coerced the target country into at least partially complying with the policy demands. There is a clear difference however based on whether guerrilla tactics were used over terrorist attacks. The number is practically half of those that used guerrilla versus terrorism. The guerrilla campaigns which targeted the military accounted for 36 successful cases of coercion. The only case where terrorism partially succeeded on its policy demand was the highly publicised Spanish decision to withdraw from Iraq in response to the March 11 2004 Madrid train station bombings. Here the Moroccan Islamist group attacked Spanish commuters days before the prime ministerial election, helping to elect anti-war candidate who then fulfilled his pledge to bring Spanish troops home. However researchers tend to agree on the conclusion that the 11-M campaign was an outlie r. Regardless of terrorist capability, guerrilla groups appear to be the only group that achieve their political demands. Terrorist campaigns would therefore seem to be an ineffective coercive tool. Comparativists are finding that rebel campaigns against civilians in protracted civil wars reduce the likelihood of gaining compliance of either the government (Fortna 2008) or the local population (Kalyvas 2006) again which can be observed from an Iraq perspective. The PM Maliki has consistently resisted the demands of the terrorist groups while also condemning all attacks. Equally, studies assessing the media coverage of terrorism, consistently finds that it seldom amplifies the political demands of its perpetrators. Equally the coverage is portrayed as acts of senseless bestiality (Hewitt 1993 p.52). Less than 10% of coverage sided with the grievances of the terrorists (Kelly Mitchell 1984p. 287). Lastly, the number of people killed is always higher for civilians than against assaults on a military in guerrilla campaigns. Putting terrorism into context and taking the year 2012 as an example, there were a total of 6771 attacks worldwide resulting in over 11,000 deaths and more than 21,000 injuries (state.gov). Of these attacks civilians were the biggest victims accounting for 2073 lives. Police fatalities accounted for 1700 while government staff accounted for 971. Military personnel only accounted for 379 (sate.gov) despite the research carried out by Abrahms suggesting that for terrorist groups to achieve any success being determined by attacks carried out on military staff. In January alone Iraqi terrorist groups were responsible for the brutal deaths of over 1300 people (state.gov). Globally, Iraq ranks second in the total number of attacks combined in the year 2012 however they are number one for the amount of people killed (2436), the greatest number seen since 2006-2008 civil war. As previously mentioned, the Middle East is geographically the mostly heavily concentrated area of terrorist attacks even though the attacks occur in 85 countries. The highest proportion of attacks occurred in Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan with over half the occurrences happening in these countries. Of the targets aimed at 2073 out of 7467 are civilians whilst police account for 1699, government 971 and military comes at 379 after business at 480. In Iraq just over 27 percent of attacks were targeted at civilians whilst 24 percent against police. Journalists were targeted most frequently in Somalia (26%), Pakistan (18%) and Syria (13%). Taking Iraq as an example and using Max Abrahms criteria for successful campaigns the following will outline whether after all these years terrorism really is the only viable way of coercing governments to a groups demands. State.gov reports that like Pakistan over 81% of attacks in Iraq are attributed to unknown perpetrators. The remaining attacks were identifies as those belonging to Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) or The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Terrorism in Iraq was identified as some of the most lethal with three out of 10 being the most lethal of 2012. Although a single attack on any given day would be severe in Iraq there was often a concentrated and coordinated attacks that happened across the same day at multiple different locations. One particular day there were 30 attacks across the country. The tactics and targets were highly concentrated with more than 6 percent of all attacks targeted at either innocent civilians and property or police. An additional 10 perce nt were targeted at government officials. Over 80 percent of the attacks were bombings. Worldwide the perpetrators that accounted for the most fatalities were the Taliban (1842) with Al Qaeda in Iraq and the ISIL coming in third (892). Of the tactics used bombing was the most preferred choice accounting for 65 percent used worldwide. At present the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC) reports that the main target of terror in Iraq are government personnel and assets. Due to the groups protracted attempts at overthrowing the democratically elected Iraqi government and replacing it with a Sunni led Islamic caliphate such as in Iran. In 2013 9571 Iraqi civilians were killed and 2006 since the beginning of this year according to Iraq Body Count (Counterpunch). At present ISIS is taking over Sunni populated areas such as Fallujah and Mosul, this however is not getting the media attention that is required due to the threats and attacks on journalists, of which five have been killed since October last whilst over 40 have fled to Kurdistan and Turkey (Counterpunch). There has been a major increase in the occupation of Sunni led groups such as ISIS taking control over Sunni Iraq however the government seems to be struggling to regain control. Shia civilians continue to be killed en masses however the biggest problem is finding the whereabouts of the groups. Civilian deaths appear to have outnumbered military fatalities despite the fact that research has shown this type pf warfare to be ineffective in achieving any coercive outcomes. Despite thousands of Shia’s being mortally wounded Iraq’s Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has numerous times stated that he â€Å"will not enter negotiations with terrorists† saying â€Å"that crushing terrorists is one of the priorities of the current Iraqi government†. He further explained why negotiating with these groups (ISIL/Al Qaeda) would be futile saying these groups are not and will not be a negotiating side†. He went on to stress that â€Å"whichever side that is not opposed to terrorist groups, is not worthy of partnership in running the country’s affairs†. (REF) At present the Iraqi army has been working closely with both ethnic and local police in the al-Anbar province in an attempt to defeat the terrorists and al-Qaeda. The fighting is due to divisions between the Sunni and Shia population remaining after the civil war. Prior to which the Sunni minority were leading the country through Saddam Hussein. Add to this also the Kurdish minority who also want a say in how the country is governed. Sunni’s accuse the current government of exclusion despite their presence in parliament. The government ignored a protest in December 2013 stating that it was a ploy for the sectarian and territorial division of the country (REF). In November 2010 a power sharing agreement was made between all three parties however the Sunnis felt the government was marginalising them by having more Shia representatives. The cultural divisions appear too difficult for the government to handle which has led to the current uprising in the country and their inability to handle the security crisis. Although the massacring of civilians has proven ineffective in the past, 8,000 people died in 2013 of which most of them were civilians. Abrahms outlined the possible coercive abilities of groups being dependent on the outcome or process goals. For ISIL and al-Qaeda, process goals have managed to garner some support from the mainly Sunni peoples and they have been receiving funding from external sources such as Iran who are happy to help out the opposition in order to create instability within the Sunnis. Recruits were increased during the past number of years and the group is claimed to have 2500 members. Although the groups hope for media attention, as Abrahms has pointed out this is seldom in favour of the group’s plight and this has been the case in Iraq. Journalists are afraid to print negative stories in fear of their lives with many as shown fleeing to neighbouring countries. Equally, when looking at the outcome goals which is looking at what the group wishes to achieve politically they are aiming for maximalist goals that are not so much based on territory alone but rather a forceful attempt at overthrowing a government in the hopes of dividing the country into sectarian divisions based on ideological and religious goals of transforming he country into a Shia state following Sharia Law. These goals have proved to be impossible to achieve whether peaceful or violent means are attempted due in part to the lack of compliance of the current government. Iraq’s capabilities also are strong with the US having trained them and provided them with numerous arms and ammunition and vehicles (REF). The higher the capability the less susceptible the target country is. The size of the objective is a key variable in the future success of the group. As can be seen in the Iraq example the objectives are vast which makes the likelihood of any concessions highly unlikely.

Initial response to Malcolm X and Black Rage Essay

In the essay, Cornel West tries to explain how Malcolm X’s â€Å"Black Rage† articulation wasn’t directed at white americans only, but also to black americans who view their lives and minds through what West describes as â€Å"White lenses†. West also claims that Malcolm X’s idea of â€Å"psychic conversation† would promote blacks to turn that rage to love and appreciation of their own culture and self worth. Another claim West mentions is that the idea of psychic conversation struck fear into black professionals, due to their constant surrounding of white social circles, but at the same time understand the idea precisely for the exact same reason. West compares these kind of individuals to Du Bois’s idea of â€Å"double consciousness†. Blacks living between their own live and whites, never settle in either, yet crave acceptance mainly from whites. ! West also believed that Malcolm X viewed black equality as a farfetched possibility due to the majority of white racists, and black victims of democracy. What interests me the most is that Malcolm X feared cultural hybridity even though he, himself, comes from a hybrid culture. But eventually Malcolm X began to slowly remove that fear after looking into the acceptance of humanity regardless of race, class, or gender in the Islamic regimes of Muslims in the Middle East. In the end of the essay, West thinks that future generations should take Malcolm X’s â€Å"black rage† and â€Å"psychic conversation† as an example of rejection to any sorts of inequality. I strongly agree with West’s idea to follow such examples in order to achieve change in human equality and acceptance.

Casablanca analysis

Lund and Captain Renault arriving at the airport to supposedly send Victor Laszlo off to Lisbon, Portugal. Rick Blaine meanwhile plans to send ‘Sis off with her husband. The night before alls had c unfrosted Rick In his deserted cafe about the letters of transit and tries to force him at gunpoint to give them to her, but gives up saying she's unable to due to her still loving him.She explain ins why she oft him without explanation which was because she felt she had to tend to her Ill huh spans who she had believed to have died escaping trot a concentration camp. Rick agrees to h alp leading her believe she will stay with him when Laszlo leaves. Laszlo shows up after narrowing escaping a police raid, and tries to persuade Rick to use the letters to take alls to safe TTY. When Renault arrives with an arrest warrant, Rick convinces him to release Laszlo by promo sing to set him up for the more serious crime of being in possession of the letters of transit.Rick then forces him at g unpoint to assist in their escape. Upon arrival to the airport, Rick does NT give alls much of a choice to either board the plane with Laszlo or stay with him believing that she would regret it and that she needs to help Laszlo with his work. This choice is set up as her either sacrificing her love with Rick & leaving to be honorable for staying in her marriage or staying with him for uncertain future. The former option is emotionally satisfying as an end to thee r relationship s It's filled with honor, grace and dignity.It's the ultimate resolution to their dilemma after having the perfect affair in Pans and then their bad timed reunion. Alga's â€Å"choice† at the end of the film Is not a matter of right or wrong. Whether or not alls chooses to stay In her marriage SSH old not be a matter of It being the right or wrong choice, rather It's her own personal decision w nether or not to choose to be happy and that would not have affected future events In a general SE nose.

Language Is A Process Of Free Creation - 919 Words

â€Å"Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied† (Chomsky). Throughout several cultures, each has their own set of ideas and rules for its language. One language could have several variations of the same sentence structure, grammar, or word definitions. In school, students are taught that language can only be communicated effectively through the proper use of language. This leads to the development of descriptivism and prescriptivism. The use of â€Å"proper† language is expected in effective communication, although understanding a language is guided by one’s own perception, cultural influences, and one’s own ability to adapt. Descriptivism is nonjudgmental approach to language that focuses on how it is actually spoken and written. Prescriptivism is the attitude that one variety of language is superior to other variations, this attitude leans toward â€Å"proper† or â€Å"correct† grammar usage. A person who typically believes that language can be varied or unique without being ineffective is known as a descriptivist, while a person who is known as a prescriptivist believes that language can only be communicated one way to be fully understood. (Merriam Webster). Perception can be affected by what the social norm is at the time. Tone of voice, fluency, pronunciations, and colloquialism affects the understanding of language thus affecting an individual’s perception.Show MoreRelatedLinux Based Systems Are Modular Unix Like Oss Build A Large Part Of Its Component1396 Words   |  6 PagesLinux based systems are modular Unix-like OSs build a large part of its component from 1970s and 1980s UNIX principles. They apply a monolithic kernel, commonly identified as the Linux kernel to execute process control, access to peripherals, file system management and networking tasks. Lonix OS drivers are either directly integrated with the kernel or come in as additional modules created while the system is awake. Independent developments with kernel interface improve the functionality and performanceRead More J. Robert Oppenheimer Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pages There is no place for dogma in science. The scientist is free, and must be free to ask an y question, to doubt any assertion, to seek for any evidence, to correct any errors. Our political life is also predicated on openness. We know that the only way to avoid error is to detect it and that the only way to detect it is to be free to inquire. And we know that as long as [we] are free to ask what [we] must, free to say what [we] think, free to think what [we] will, freedom can never be lost, and scienceRead MoreCatherine Kellers Tehomic Perspective Natural Evil1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative-yet-Positive Ubiquity of Natural Evil in the Universe and God’s Kenotic Presence in Creation With regard to the ubiquitous prevalence of pain, suffering, and death in the course of evolution, Pecocke sees both positive and negative aspects of natural evil. The increase in complexity that led to the emergence of consciousness was actually the consequence of the competition among species for better survival in natural selection. In that vein, the increase of entropy contributed the diversificationRead MoreExamples Of Clinical Decision Support1259 Words   |  6 Pagesfiltered or presented at appropriate times, to foster better health processes, better individual patient care, and better population health† (Wright, 2008). Like many different aspects of healthcare, clinical decision support has evolved with the creation of new technology. This evolution of clinical decision support in itself has and will continue to impact each aspect of Triple Aim. Four Phases of Clinical Decision Support Wright and Sittig have described the history of clinical decision supportRead MoreRedefining Heroism Throughout The Language Of The Brag1308 Words   |  6 PagesHeroism in the Language of the Brag Sharon Olds author of the â€Å"Language of the Brag,† suggests through her experience in the poem that our society and culture altogether is male dominated towards achievement and focused more for men s success and heroism. Men are typically known for their strength and courage, especially heroic acts in society. When things are expected to get done, it s naturally expected for the guy to do it. 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Dirty Facts About Samples of Essay Format Revealed

Dirty Facts About Samples of Essay Format Revealed What to Expect From Samples of Essay Format? Next comes the all-important thesis statement that contains a clear outlining of what facets of the author's argument you will be discussing. An essay outline is a set of ideas and ideas applicable to the subject issue. Occasionally a superior instance of what you're attempting to achieve is well worth a 1000 words of advice! Regardless of what's the aim of your essay, there's a preset number of points which you will be expected to tackle. The Fundamentals of Samples of Essay Format Revealed The debut in a typical essay form should permit the reader understand what the topic of the paper is. In case the source is written by multiple authors, then you ought to state last names of them all, at least in the very first reference within the essay. There are essentials in every single form of essay you have to take note. 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Short Run And Long Run Effects - 1405 Words

Short Run and Long Run Effects In the short run, both global demand and supply of oil are relatively inelastic because it is difficult for them to make large adjustments to price changes in a short period of time. When oil price rises, oil consumers, such as manufacturing firms and households, may not be able to reduce their demand for oil immediately. For example, individuals still need to drive to work and manufacturing firms with long-term contracts still need to run machinery to meet target output. Similarly, an increase in oil price would not stimulate oil supply in the short run. Additional supply generally requires the exploration of new reserves and construction of new infrastructure for delivery which require substantial†¦show more content†¦Simultaneously, traditional manufacturing sectors would suffer from rising input costs and reduced competitiveness in the international market. The net effect would be a decrease in total real exports. Moreover, the reallocation of resources, labor and capita l would occur in favor of oil industry. The extent of these long run effects would depend on the magnitude of initial price shock and the duration of price increases. Impacts of Rising Oil Prices on Canadian Output A significant increase in oil price would have little impact on Canadian overall output but large regional and sectoral implications. The oil-producing provinces would benefit from rising income while the oil-consuming ones would suffer due to the higher cost of living and production. This would also lead to reallocation of capital and labor across energy and other industries. Potential impacts are expected to be more pronounced in the long run than in the short run because of relative inelasticity of oil demand and supply in the short run. Canada is the world’s fifth-largest oil producer, with daily production of more than 3.6 million barrels in 2015 (Statistics Canada). Despite large national production, Canada only produces about 5% of world’s total daily production and thus does not have large influencing power on the international oil price. Since February 2016, oil price has shown an upward trend. It soared from USD$29.44 per barrel in February 2016 to USD$54.45 per barrel in FebruaryShow MoreRelatedAggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply911 Words   |  4 Pagesand Aggregate Supply 11. For each of following events, explain the short-run and the long-run effects on the output and the price level, assuming policymakers take no action. (a) The stock market declines sharply, reducing consumers’ wealth. AS1 AS2 AD1 AD2 Y2 Y1 P1 P2 P3 LRAS A B C P AD-AS diagram Output 0 Since the stock market declines sharply, the people’ wealth are being affected. 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Incentivise Employees and Reduce Labour Turnover free essay sample

To investigate to what extent Accenture can tailor its remuneration package to staff in order to reduce labour turnover and incentivise key employees. 1. 2 Research Objectives In order to answer this aim, the following research objectives have been set: †¢ To understanding the main theories governing reward management, including understanding how reward management can influence retention and work motivation. †¢ To understand key aspects of the reward management processes, including assessing job size and relativities, grade and pay structure, performance management, contingent pay, and employee pensions and benefits. To understand the reward management process and its affect on retention and work motivation. †¢ To assess the various remuneration packages offered within Accenture to its employees and their fit within the competitive landscape within which the company competes, as well as the resources that it can draw on internally. †¢ To analyse the extent to whic h Accenture’s remuneration packages help it to reduce labour turnover and improve employee engagement, addressing its strategic objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Incentivise Employees and Reduce Labour Turnover or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter Two – Literature Review The aim of this chapter is to set out the main theories governing reward management. In particular, focus is placed on the links between corporate strategy, HR strategy and reward strategy, which guide the type of remuneration package that would be most effective within a particular firm. The importance of the employment relationship is then discussed, including the damage that volition of the psychological contract can cause in terms of labour turnover and de-motivation. Finally, financial and non-financial ewards are discussed in order to separate the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators that are essential in incentivising key employees. 2. 1 Reward Management â€Å"Reward management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organization. It deals with the design, implementation and maintenance of reward processes and practices that are geared to t he improvement of organizational, team and individual performance† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 3) With such overarching goals, it is perhaps no surprise that reward management is strategic in nature, affecting the long-term prosperity of the firm. The concept of reward management can be seen to have developed from a number of key proponents. These include Lawler (1990, 2003), Schuster and Zingheim (1992) and Flannery et al. (1996). Lawler (1990, 2003) helped to develop the idea of strategic pay, the notion that reward policies need to be tied into the firm’s business strategy, goals, values and culture. Employees are rewarded for practicing specific behaviours that are favoured by the firm. As these become institutionalised, the firm achieves a greater fit between its business strategy and reward strategy, which enables it to more closely meet customer needs. A key element of this involves creating a virtuous spiral for both employee and employer: â€Å"It is entirely possible to design a reward system that motivates people to work and satisfies them while at the same time contributing to organizational effectiveness† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 5). Schuster and Zingheim (1992) went on to develop this concept of new pay, highlighting some of its fundamental principles. This included the idea of a total compensation program, which tied business strategy with reward strategy in order to reinforcing specific organisation behaviours. Pay was considered to be a lever that could help organisations to embrace change; in this sense, it was a positive force for change. The concept of pay became less static with the introduction of risk-based pay; the idea that pay should be variable depending on performance. At the same time, the individual was no longer the focus of pay, as team-based pay became another important mechanism for guiding organisational performance. Finally, pay became an employee relations issues; employees were no longer simply the target of pay, but became involved in devising the reward culture, the values of the organisation, its culture, and the reward systems that should be put in place accordingly. Finally, Flannery et al. (1996) were influential in developing the concept of dynamic pay although many of their nine compensation (rather than pay, per se) principles should be aligned with the organisation’s strategy, culture and values. However, they emphasised the need to tailor compensation and pay in a more focused manner. Compensation was to be linked to other changes that were planned in the organisation; it should be integrated with other people processes, as well as democratized and demystified. Its effectiveness should be measured and then the reward strategy should be refined and re-refined as appropriate. This new, strategic pay brought with it greater complexity to the practice of reward management: â€Å"It is simply no longer possible to create a set of rewards that is universally appealing to all employees or to address a series of complex business issues through a single set of solutions† (O’Neal, 1998). Nonetheless, reward management had become not so much a necessary evil, but something that an organisation could not do without, bringing with it both positive and mitigating benefits: â€Å"Pay and formal reward policies are one of the most tangible symbols of a company’s culture and employment offering and are inextricably interwoven with them. Therefore they are critical to demonstrating that the employer is delivering on its side of the employment bargain† (Brown, 2001). Therefore, in order to investigate to how Accenture can tailor its remuneration package to improve its employees motivation, as well as reduce labour turnover, it is necessary to understand the different components of reward management and the effect (positive and negative) when these components combine. The principal components of reward management include are set out in the diagram overleaf. These components will act as a framework for the literature review. Figure 1:The Components of Reward Management Source:Armstrong and Murlis (2004) 2. 2 Business / HR Strategy Firms are operating in increasingly unpredictable environments. Despite this, much of strategic management has focused on linear, unidirectional methods and models that suggested that: â€Å"Organisations are systems in which there are clear-cut connections between cause and effect†¦(which) are assumed to generate behaviour that is predictable in principle and that keeps an organisation in a state of dynamic equilibrium in which it is adapted to its environment†¦(thus making it) possible in principle to predict long-term outcomes† (Stacey, 1993: 99, 100). Authors including Peters and Waterman (1982), Porter (1980, 1985), and Burns and Stalker (1994) have all highlighted the ideal of organisation’s operating in a state of stable equilibrium, where success involves harmony, consistency, stability and regularity (Stacey, 1993). However, whilst strategy-making has moved through the one best way method, contingency approaches and those based on the principals of configuration, these have all embraced this unquestioned assumption. Part of the problem is that such wisdom places strategic fit at the centre of the organisation’s thinking ignoring the complexity that organisation’s actually face in practice. Indeed, authors such as Hamel and Prahalad (1989), Miller (1990) and Pascale (1990) have empirically questioned such thinking. Today, the realities of organisational life suggest a different picture from the conventional wisdom: â€Å"Successful organisations operate in states of bounded instability, using ositive and negative feedback to create complex new patterns of behaviour – innovations and new strategic directions†¦(and so) face reasonably predictable short-term futures but totally unknowable long-term ones†¦(which) requires us to review carefully what we mean by decision-making and control, and how we practice both† (Stacey, 1993: 246). This means that organisation’s face a whole host of change situations, which Stacey (1993) characterises as closed , contai ned and open-ended . It also has had a considerable impact on strategic decision-making, which is vital in guiding both corporate strategy and other interlinked strategies, such as HR strategy, reward strategy and so forth. The prescriptive approach to strategy, as indicative of the work of Porter’s (1980, 1985) positioning school of strategic management, suggested that the aim of strategic management was to: â€Å"establish a profitable and sustainable position against the forces the determine industry competition† (Porter, 1985: 1). Broadly, this involved firms analysing the competitive nature of their external environment using an analysis tool such as Porter’s five forces and then positioning the firm to capitalise on one of three generic strategies: low cost, differentiation or focus. However, a number of studies highlighted the limitations of such thinking; that the firm’s external environment is the determinant of firm profitability (Schmalensee, 1985; Rumelt, 1991; Hawawini et al. , 2000). Rather, research exposed the reality that the internal resources of the firm, as well as its relationships with other firms, had a significant impact on firm profitability. These became known as the resource-based view (Teece et al. , 1997) and relational-based view (Dyer and Singh, 1998) of the firm. The resource-based view suggested that competitive advantage was determined by a firm’s ability to: â€Å"accumulate resources and capabilities that are rare, valuable, non-substitutable and difficult to imitate† (Dyer and Singh, 1998: 660). This was a more inside out view that saw a firm’s core competences (Barton, 1995) and unique resources (Teece et al. , 1997) and the drivers of a firm’s strategic decision-making. In a way, the relational-based view built on the resource-based view by suggested that relationships with other firms, which helped to combine firms’ resources across organisational boundaries, would also guide strategy making. These two views of strategic management, the external Porterian view and internal view supported by Barney (1991) and others are important because they inform the choice and perspective taken towards HR strategy within the firm, which inevitably guides reward strategy. This is because strategic human resource management (SHRM) can play a very different role across firms. Hydd and Oppenheim (1990) characterise these differences along a proactive-reactive continuum. The reactive view of SHRM fits with the Porterian view of strategy and the matching model of SHRM. Here, the role that HRM plays within the firm is merely ensuring the employees fit with the firm’s generic strategy. It simply responds to strategic decisions already made, matching an organisation’s five Ps: its philosophy, policies, programs, practices and process and prevent potential: â€Å"role conflict and ambiguity that can interfere with individual performance and organisational effectiveness† (Schuler, 1989: 164). The proactive view of SHRM, on the other hand, which follows the resource-based view of SHRM, is tied to the resource-based view of the firm. Under this view, SHRM has a much more influential role in the strategy process, informing it at all levels. Here, the firm recognises the importance of its human capital and the need to devise ways that HR strategy can leverage this and convert it into intellectual capital, which is of such value to the firm. Indeed, Lei et al. (1996) emphasis how the tacit knowledge of employees: â€Å"can form the basis of competitive advantage. † In really, both the external and interview view of strategic management have their merits. Firms must be able to inform their strategic decision making according to the context of their external environment, but the long-term success of the firm depends on the firm’s ability to leverage its unique resources. As such, this dissertation adopts both perspectives. The external view will be employed in the analysis chapter later to help highlight the context of Accenture’s external environment. However, the interview view will guide the perspective this dissertation adopts towards SHRM, as well as reward strategy. On this basis, the next section highlights the essence of strategic reward. 2. 3 Strategic Reward â€Å"Strategic reward management is the process of looking ahead at what an organization needs to do about its reward policies and practices in the middle or relatively distant future. It is concern with the broader business issues the organization is facing and the general direction in which reward management must go to provide help in dealing with these issues in order to achieve longer-term business goals† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 29). Reward strategy thereby supports and helps to inform corporate and HR strategy. It is important for a number of reasons: First, an organisation must have a clear sense of its future direction or at least some idea of how you are going to get there. According to Kotter (1996), for example, a key role of leaders is to set direction and align employees. Second, the biggest expense for a firm is inevitably its employees, with pay being the most significant pay of this cost. As such, the management of pay can not only have a positive motivational force, but also a detrimental impact on performance and a firm’s cost structure is poorly designed. Third, rewards do have a positive impact on performance where used properly and help leaders in their third role of motivating employees (Kotter, 1999). Finally, it is argued by Cox and Purcell (1998) that reward strategy’s real benefit rests with the blueprint is provides in linking different human resource management policies and practices together, as well as more broadly linking these with other mutually supportive strategies across the firm. Despite the obvious benefit of strategic reward and the need to align it will corporate and HR strategy, the complexities of organisation life make this more difficult that one might anticipate. According to the early school of strategic management, the design and planning schools (and to some extent the positioning school), strategy making was quite a rational process with leaders at the apex of the organisation dictating the future direction of the firm and devising blueprints that the firm should follow to enact them. However, with the greater complexity firms faced in their competitive environment, as indicated by Stacey (1993) above, together with the introduction of a more internal view of the firm (Barney, 1991), it became more realistic to see strategy making as an inherently irrational process. Certainly, Hendry and Pettigrew (1986) question the extent to which rational HR strategies and blueprints can be drawn up if these are based on an already irrational process. Strategic fit may not only be difficult to attain, but as indicated by the changing nature of strategy, it may no longer be that desirable. As Collins and Porras (1999) suggest of great, visionary companies that have lasted the test of time, a key element of their success lies with preserving the core whilst stimulating progress. As such, it is important to maintain some fit, some resemblance of the status quo, what the firms does well, but it is equally vital to stretch the organisation strategic to set it up for a changing future. Even at the level of reward strategy itself, there are many barriers to implementing an effective strategy. Armstrong and Murlis (2004) argue that: â€Å"There is always a danger of reward strategy promising much but achieving little. The rhetoric contained in the guiding principles may not turn into reality. Espoused values may not become values-in-use the things that are meant to happen may not happen. Reward strategy can too easily be unrealistic. It may appear to offer something worthwhile but the resources (money, people and time) and capability to make it happen are not available. It may include processes such as performance management that only work if line managers want to make them work and are capable of making them work. It may be met by total opposition from the trade unions† (31). Furthermore, reward strategy plays a guiding role in balancing the transactional and relational aspects of the employment relationship through developing a total reward approach: The total reward concept emphasizes the importance of considering all aspects of reward as an integrated and coherent whole. Each of the elements of total reward, namely base pay, pay contingent on performance, competence or contribution, employee benefits and non-financial rewards, which include intrinsic rewards from the employment environment and the work itself, are linked together. A total reward approach is holistic; reliance is not placed on one or two reward mechanisms or levers operating in isolation. Account is taken of all the ways in which people can be rewarded and obtain satisfaction through their work† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 11). The employment relationship will be discussed in more detail in the section to follow, as will its transactional and relational aspects in subsequent sections, but it is worth noting as this stage that if Accenture is to appropriately tailor its remuneration package to labour turnover and incentivise key employees, it must devise a reward strategy that provides an effective balance of transactional and relational rewards that fit with the psychological contract it has with its employees. This psychological contract is the essence of the employment relationship between a firm and its employees and forms the basis of the next section. 2. 4 The Employment Relationship Contractual relationships have been studied across a range of disciplines (MacNeil, 1985). Such contractual (or exchange) relationships between parties have often been a substitute for trust (Okun, 1981) and have helped in developing organisational forms (Stinchcombe, 1990). In an employment setting, the formation of contracts that were unpinned by a psychological attachment between employers and employers became known as the psychological contract (Argyris, 1960). Whilst there has been relatively little agreement on a single definition of the term psychological contract (Conway, 1996; Roehling, 1996; Guest, 1998), the definition provided by Robinson and Rousseau (1994) is applied here. On this basis, the psychological contract depicts: â€Å"An individual’s belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party†¦ a belief that some form of a promise has been made and that the terms and conditions of the contract have been accepted by both parties† (246). The psychological contract helps to formalise the meaning, interpretations and significance of the agreed terms and conditions of an employment relationship between contracted parties. In this sense, it acts as a set of promises and unwritten expectation committing one to guide future action (Farnsworth, 1982; Schein, 1988). However, it is perhaps useful to think of its in holistic terms rather than a description of contractual terms that parties are bound by. For example, Guest (1998) highlights the difficulty that current definitions of the psychological contract pose when used for assessment: We run into difficulties as soon as we start to examined the definitions of the psychological contract†¦the first problem that emerges from a comparison of definitions is that the psychological contract may be about perceptions, expectations, beliefs, promises and obligations† (650 -1). Irrespective of the ambiguity, different definitions of the psychological contract do have some similar characteristics: First, the psychological contract is a useful concept to understand the contractual relationship between two parties (Guest, 1988; Rousseau, 1998). Second, the psychological contract is not a fixed term per se, which enables it to be used and interpreted in many different ways, allowing firms to applied it as appropriate (Rousseau, 1989, 1995). Third, the psychological contract is dynamic, helping to explain how employment relationships change over time within firms (Hiltrop, 1996). Finally, the psychological contract highlights how employment relationships develop and/or degenerate (Shore and Tetrick, 1994). The psychological contract is made up of both transactional and relational elements (Rousseau, 1990). In terms of analysing the remuneration package at Accenture, understanding the content of the psychological contract becomes vital. According to the transactional view: â€Å"The employee provides skill and effort to the employer in return for which the employer provides the employee with a salary or a wage, the traditional economist’s concept of the effort bargain† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 33). On the other hand, the relational view suggests that: â€Å"Intangible relationships are developed that take place within the work environment and are affected by the process of leadership, communications and giving employees a voice, and by how jobs are designed and expectations of behaviour and performance are agreed† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 33). A study by Herriot et al. (1997) exposed twelve categories explaining the content of employer obligations and seven for employees. The obligations expected of employers included: providing adequate induction and training (training), ensuring fairness of selection, appraisal, promotion and redundancy procedures (fairness), allowing time off to meet personal or family needs (needs), consulting and communicating with employees on matters which affect them (consult), having minimal interference with employees in terms of how they do their job (discretion), acting in a personally and social responsible way towards employees (humanity), giving recognition of or reward for special contribution or long service (recognition), provision of a safe and congenial work environment (environment), fairness and consistency in the application of rules and disciplinary procedures (justice), equitable pay with respect to market values and consistency awarded across the organization (pay), fairness and consistency in the administration of the benefit systems (benefits) and the organization trying hard to provide what job security th ey can (security). Employees, on the other hand, were expect: to work the hours contracted (hours), to do a good job in terms of quality and quantity (work), to deal honesty with clients and with the organization (honesty), staying with the organization, guarding its reputation and putting its interests first (loyalty), treating the organization’s property in a careful way (property), dressing and behaving correctly with customers and colleagues (self-presentation) and being willing to go beyond one’s own job description, especially in an emergency (flexibility). The study highlighted the need for the employer to deliver on its obligations if it was to expect the employee to do the same. It also emphasised the importance of balancing both relational and transactional obligations. Understanding the nature and content of the psychological contract is mportant for any firm wanting to get the best out of its employees, but knowing the implications of breaking that contract is also important (Morrison and Robinson, 1997). This is particularly relevant in the competitive environment that firms face, where their changing needs sometimes put pressure on the psychological contract, as Kickul (2001) explains: â€Å"Underlying all of these changes, organizations are finding that they must manage, renegotiate, and in some cases, abrogate the employment relationship that they have established with their employees† (289). Research has indicated that around 55 to 69 percent of employees stated that they felt the psychological contract between the firm and themselves had been violated (Robinson et al. , 1994; Rousseau, 1994; Conway and Briner, 1998; Conway et al. , 1999). When the psychological contract is broken it directly affects morale, trust, job satisfaction, commitment and motivation (Mowday et al. , 1979; Rousseau, 1989, Rousseau and Parks, 1993; Robinson and Rousseau, 1994; Robinson, 1996). Furthermore, Porter and Lawler (1986) state that volition of the psychological contract can lead the employee to no longer believe or rely on inducement promised by the employers. This is particularly important in terms of understanding how remuneration packages at Accenture can incentivise, because it suggests that if the company has not maintained its psychological contract with employees, incentivise will not necessary achieve the organisation’s goals. Motivation and Financial and Non-Financial Rewards Increasing motivation and raising levels of commitment and engagement are key organizational imperatives. The development of reward management policies, structures and practices will be underpinned by assumptions about how people can best be motivated to deliver high levels of performances, discretionary effort and contribution. These assumptions may not be articulated but the reward philosophies and policies of an organization can be no better than the motivational theories and beliefs upon which they are based† (Armstrong and Murlis, 2004: 56). Managerial approaches to motivation have traversed the traditional model, human relations model towards the human resources model (Porter et al. , 2003). Whilst all schools are still in use, the human resources model (Miles, 1965) is most applicable today. Despite criticisms, it adopts the view that humans are very complex individuals, which are motivated by a wide range of different financial and non-financial rewards. Under this view, individuals want to contribute to their work, but also desire greater levels of task variety, autonomy, responsibility and personal decision-making. The role of the organisation is not so much to motivate, but not to de-motivate. As Kotter (1996) states, the role of the leader is to align the organisation such that its employees become self-motivated whilst ensuring that policies and practices do not de-motivate staff.